Let’s face it — menstruation is something half the world goes through, yet it’s still confusing, under-discussed, and often misunderstood. Whether you’re about to get your first period, just started your cycle, or you’re someone who wants to understand the basics better, this beginner’s guide to what is menstruation is here to help.
In this guide, we’ll cover everything from what menstruation is, how the menstrual cycle works, why periods happen, and how to manage your period comfortably. We’ll also share tips on tracking your cycle, choosing the best period products, and recognizing when to seek medical advice.
What Is Menstruation?
Menstruation, also known as a period, is the monthly shedding of the uterine lining through the vagina. This process occurs when pregnancy does not happen. Period blood is a mix of blood, mucus, and tissue that exits the body as part of the natural reproductive cycle.
Most people begin menstruating between ages 9 and 16, and it continues until menopause, typically in their late 40s or early 50s. Each period is part of a larger process called the menstrual cycle.
In simple terms, what is menstruation? It is the body’s natural way of shedding the uterus lining each month when pregnancy doesn’t occur.
Menstruation = Your Body’s Monthly Check-in
Each month, your body prepares for pregnancy. If fertilization doesn’t occur, hormone levels drop, signaling the uterus to shed its lining. That’s your period — your body’s natural way of starting fresh.
Why Do People Have Periods?
Periods are a vital part of the reproductive system. The cycle is nature’s way of preparing your body for pregnancy. If fertilization does not occur, your body discards the unused tissue and starts the process over again.
From a biological perspective, this regular shedding and renewal is crucial. It helps maintain the health of the reproductive system, signals hormonal balance, and gives early warning signs of potential health concerns.
How Does the Menstrual Cycle Work? (Understanding the 4 Phases)
The average menstrual cycle lasts between 21 to 35 days, with 28 days being typical. Let’s break it down into four phases:
1. Menstrual Phase (Day 1–5)
- The first day of your period is Day 1 of your cycle.
- The uterus sheds its lining, causing bleeding.
- Hormone levels (estrogen and progesterone) are at their lowest.
2. Follicular Phase (Day 1–13)
- Your pituitary gland releases FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone).
- Several eggs begin to mature in the ovaries.
- One dominant egg is selected; estrogen rises.
- The uterine lining thickens in preparation for pregnancy.
3. Ovulation (Around Day 14)
- A surge in LH (luteinizing hormone) triggers the release of the egg.
- This is the most fertile phase.
- You may experience mild cramping, increased vaginal discharge, or a boost in libido.
4. Luteal Phase (Day 15–28)
- The released egg travels down the fallopian tube.
- Progesterone increases to maintain the thick uterine lining.
- If pregnancy doesn’t occur, hormone levels drop.
- PMS symptoms (bloating, mood swings, cravings) may appear.
- The cycle restarts with your next period.
When Does Menstruation Start? (Menarche Explained)
Most girls get their first period, called menarche, between the ages of 9 and 16. Signs you might start soon include:
- Breast development
- Growth of underarm and pubic hair
- White or clear vaginal discharge
If you haven’t had your period by age 16, consider seeing a healthcare provider to rule out any underlying issues.
What Does a Normal Period Look Like?
Everyone’s period is different. But here are typical features:
| Feature | Normal Range |
|---|---|
| Cycle Length | 21–35 days |
| Bleeding Duration | 3–7 days |
| Blood Color | Bright red to dark brown |
| Flow | Light, medium, or heavy |
Symptoms may include:
- Mild cramps
- Mood changes
- Breast tenderness
- Bloating
If your symptoms are severe or interfere with daily life, speak with a gynecologist.
Period Products: How to Choose What Works for You
Different products suit different needs. Try a few to see what’s most comfortable:
1. Pads
- Stick to underwear
- Easy to use
- Great for beginners
2. Tampons
- Inserted into the vagina
- Absorbs flow internally
- Must be changed every 4–8 hours
3. Menstrual Cups
- Reusable and eco-friendly
- Can be worn for up to 12 hours
4. Period Underwear
- Built-in absorbent layers
- Comfortable and reusable
- Ideal for overnight or light flow
5. Menstrual Discs
- Sits at the vaginal fornix
- Can be worn during intercourse
Menstrual Hygiene Tips
Good hygiene can prevent infections and keep you feeling fresh:
- Change pads/tampons every 4–6 hours
- Wash your hands before and after product use
- Avoid scented soaps or feminine washes
- Shower daily
- Wear cotton underwear for breathability
Why You Should Track Your Menstrual Cycle
Tracking your period is essential for reproductive health. Here’s why:
- Predict your next period
- Monitor PMS patterns
- Detect hormonal imbalances
- Identify ovulation for pregnancy planning or prevention
Best Free Period Tracking Apps:
- Clue
- Flo
- HeySaheli (built specifically for women’s wellness)
- Apple Health (Cycle Tracking)
Tracking helps demystify your body. You can log pain, flow, moods, and more, giving insight into your hormonal health.
Common Menstrual Issues (When to See a Doctor)
1. Heavy Periods (Menorrhagia)
- Changing pads every hour
- Large blood clots
- Fatigue or dizziness
2. Painful Periods (Dysmenorrhea)
- Severe cramps
- Pain not relieved by over-the-counter meds
3. Irregular Periods
- Skipping cycles
- Periods more than 45 days apart
- Could be related to PCOS, thyroid issues, or stress
4. PMS and PMDD
- PMS: Cramps, moodiness, bloating
- PMDD: Severe depression, anxiety before your period
If any of these apply to you, consult a gynecologist.
Managing Your Period with Diet and Exercise
What you eat and how active you are can affect your period:
- Stay hydrated to reduce bloating
- Eat iron-rich foods (like spinach, lentils, red meat) to replenish blood loss
- Avoid excessive caffeine and sugar
- Exercise moderately — yoga and walking can ease cramps and improve mood
Embracing Your Period: You’re Not Alone
Your period is natural and healthy — not something to be ashamed of. Understanding your menstrual cycle allows you to:
- Talk about it confidently
- Manage discomfort effectively
- Track and plan your lifestyle
- Build better habits for long-term health
Pro Tip: Create a Period Kit
For school, work, or travel — keep a pouch with essentials like pads, wipes, clean underwear, and pain relief.
Final Thoughts: Your Cycle, Your Power
Understanding what is menstruation and how your cycle works empowers you to take charge of your health. By tracking your symptoms, selecting the right period products, and staying informed, you can embrace your body’s natural rhythm with confidence.
At HeySaheli, we believe periods should never hold you back. You’ve got the tools — and the power — to own your cycle, every single month.
FAQs About Menstruation
Q: What is menstruation in simple terms?
A: Menstruation is the monthly shedding of the uterine lining when pregnancy doesn’t occur. It exits the body through the vagina as period blood.
Q: What age does menstruation start?
A: Most people start menstruating between ages 9 and 16.
Q: How long does a period last?
A: A typical period lasts 3 to 7 days.
Q: Can I swim or exercise during my period?
A: Yes! Light exercise can ease cramps and improve mood.